Background: Keratin is an intermediate protein that structures the cytoskeleton of all epithelial cells. Keratin pearl is present in various pathological conditions such as oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Mitotic figures can be used as a valuable tool in assessing cellular proliferation and act as a prognostic indicator in dysplasia and malignancy of the oral cavity. Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of Leishman's stain with hematoxylin and eosin (H and E) stain in assessing keratin pearls and mitotic figures. Materials and Methods: In total, 30 diagnosed cases of OSCC of three different histological grades were taken. In each case, two sections of 4–5-micron thickness were made and stained with routine H and E stain and Leishman's stain. Staining intensity and specificity results were analyzed statistically using the Chi-square test and P = 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results: Both stains can distinguish three different types of OSCC histologically. Leishman's stain demonstrated staining intensity (P = 0.087) and specificity (P = 0.017) comparable to that of routine H and E. Conclusion: Leishman's stain distinctly stained the keratin pearl and mitotic figures with a higher intensity. However, H and E showed a higher specificity.

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Background: Burs are unique by virtue of their complex architecture which makes precleaning and sterilization difficult to achieve. Inadequate sterilization causes cross infection. Aim: The aim of the present study was to assess and compare the effectiveness of various sterilization methods of dental diamond burs commonly utilised in dental practice. Methodology: The current study was done to investigate the efficacy of four decontamination methods on fifty diamond burs. These burs were used among ten patients who were indicated for pulp therapy in primary deciduous molars. Access cavity preparation was prepared using dental burs and divided into five groups: Group I - being control group (unsterilized), Group II - Contaminated burs sterilized using 2% glutaraldehyde, Group III -Contaminated burs sterilized in autoclave, Group IV - Contaminated burs sterilized in ultraviolet steriliser, and Group V - Contaminated burs sterilized using 70% isopropyl alcohol. All the burs were immersed in the Brain − Heart Infusion broth, incubated for 24 h at 37°C to check the sterility of burs. Bacterial culture (Broth turbidity) was then measured for its optical density (OD) using the spectrophotometer. OD values reading were recorded and statistical analysis was done using Kruskal–Wallis test and Mann–Whitney's post hoc TEST. Results: Among all decontamination methods, 2% glutaraldehyde and autoclave showed the most significant change in microbial load compared to the other group at P < 0.001. Conclusion: Sterilization with 2% glutaraldehyde followed by autoclave of dental burs is the key step in achieving success in the endodontic procedures with less microbial load which determines the success of pulpectomy procedures.

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In spite of significant developments in technologies and techniques, the correct positioning of dental implants remains an arduous task. Diagnostic casts and orthopantomogram do not provide the three-dimensional radiographic information essential for proper placing and orientation of the dental implant, which might lead to unforeseen results. Prosthetically guided implantology became the need for successful outcomes. In this concept, the ideal placement of an implant is determined by the final restoration and its correlation with adjoining structures. Three-dimensional radiography, considered to be the gold standard in implant planning in terms of accuracy, fails in meeting its objectives unless the data acquired are transferred with any guide or template. Various designs and sorts of implant guides have been described, ranging from basic designs that just indicate the appropriate implant site to extremely complicated designs that, while requiring a significant amount of time and money, guide the entire surgical procedure. This review article seeks to discuss the recent advancements in implant guides.

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Background: The current root canal irrigants used in dentistry are either antibacterial or decalcifying agents or their combinations. These agents can alter the chemical structure of dentin as well as change its permeability and solubility characteristics. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the mineral content of root canal dentin after irrigating with five different endodontic irrigation solutions Materials and Methods: Sixty primary anterior teeth were selected for the study. Cleaning and shaping was done by step-back technique and divided randomly into six groups (n = 10): BioPure™ MTAD (Group 1), QMix™ 2-in-1 solution (Group 2), 0.9% normal saline (Group 3), coconut water (Group 4), and 5.25% NaOCl (Group 5) and the uninstrumented ten teeth were grouped as Group 6. After irrigation with final irrigants, the teeth were longitudinally divided into two halves. The levels of six elements calcium, phosphorus, oxygen, carbon, arsenic, and fluoride at the coronal and middle third in each specimen was assessed using scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. Statistical analysis was done by SPSS version 20 using one-way analysis of variance, and the comparison of means was conducted using post hoc Tukey test. Results: There was a statistically significant reduction in the calcium level at the coronal third of radicular dentin after irrigating with five different irrigants when compared with the uninstrumented teeth group. The phosphate level at the coronal third of the radicular dentin significantly increased in all the groups except for the saline group. The other elements such as oxygen, fluoride, and arsenic also showed significant differences in the coronal and middle levels after the irrigation. Conclusion: The endodontic irrigation by various irrigants changed the mineral levels in primary tooth dentin

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Oral cancer is the malignant neoplasm involving the oral cavity. The treatment of oral cancer is surgery, radiotherapy, and adjuvant chemotherapy. Oral mucositis is the most common side effect when radiotherapy treatment for oral cancer is indicated. High.grade oral mucositis results in the delay of the radiotherapy treatment and increases the cost of maintenance. The preventive measures for radiation.induced mucositis include maintaining oral hygiene, treatment of xerostomia, diet modifications, and low.level laser therapy. This article provides a guide for the practicing oncologists about the current treatment, advances in treatment, and alternative medicine for improving radiation.induced mucositis.

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Background: During the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, new guidelines were provided for dental offices to prevent the disease transmission. Dentists suffered a lot of financial and psychological damage as a result of the pandemic. Aim: In this article, the authors reviewed the guidelines provided by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and the prevalence of the disease among dentists and their patients, COVID-19 vaccination, emerging new variants of the virus, and future perspective. Methods: PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases were used to find the publications published from December 2019 to the end of December 2021, discussing the challenges that dentists encountered in the COVID-19 pandemic. Interventional, observational, and review articles in any language were included. The contents were analyzed, and results of the original papers were obtained. Results: A total of 94 articles were found through electronic and hand searching. From them, 59 studies were excluded and 35 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Publications on the prevalence of COVID-19 cross-infection in dental settings reported a low incidence of the disease while adhering to the CDC guidelines. Conclusion: This shows that the special precautions released for the preventive transmission of COVID-19 in dental clinics are effective measures and while high transmissible variants are circulating in the populations, the guidelines should be followed by dental health-care workers, even in communities with high vaccination rates.

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Long-standing temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis may compromise facial form and function. Treatment planning needs to address both the ankylosis and the facial deformity. A 21-year-old male patient with unilateral TMJ ankylosis of the right side with gross facial asymmetry was planned for a two-stage surgical procedure. First-stage surgery was done to release fibrous ankylosis, create a new functional joint and achieve adequate mouth opening. A vertical ramus osteotomy with superior repositioning of the proximal ramal segment and interpositional temporalis myofascial flap was done to achieve a functional joint and correct the facial height discrepancy. As the mouth opening was <35 mm, ipsilateral coronoidectomy was done and the resected coronoid process was used a graft in the mandibular angle region. 35 mm of mouth opening was achieved intraoperatively.

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The advancements in digital technologies have found a widespread application in fabrication of dental restoration with adequate precision and accuracy. Digital methods which are commonly used for fabrication of prosthesis include subtractive methods such as milling and additive methods such as photomelting and photopolymerizing. Digitalization and accuracy are paving the way toward additive technology. The main purpose of this short communication is to mention the advantages, applications, and studies comparing additive and subtractive technology.

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Desmoplastic ameloblastoma is an unusual type of ameloblastoma which varies substantially from other variants of ameloblastoma. This case report describes a case of desmoplastic ameloblastoma in a 40-year-old male patient who presented with a swelling in the right maxillary anterior region which was painless in nature. The patient was apprehensive about the asymmetry caused by the massive tumor. Initially, conventional computed tomography was done, and the diagnosis was confirmed by histopathology. Surgical resection of the tumor was done, and a prefabricated prosthetic splint was given postoperatively. The surgical site healed completely, and there was no recurrence at 6-month follow up. The present case report emphasizes the specific histological features of the tumor. Due to its invasive nature, early intervention is needed to reduce the disfigurement, functional hindrance, and other complications caused by the tumor.

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