Dental caries is a common disease affecting teeth present in the oral cavity. Dental caries is a disease process resulting in the dissolution of dental hard tissue like enamel and dentin. There has been a change in concept from GV Black's “extension for prevention” to a minimal intervention approach in the recent time. Accurate and reliable detection of early enamel caries is very crucial. The new diagnostic methods and remineralization approach would enable the dentist to detect and diagnose early and direct appropriate preventive measures to promote conservation of the tooth substance. These preventive strategies are much more efficient. The aim of Minimal dentistry is to manage early carious lesion by remineralization. The objective of writing this review on early carious lesion is to understand the early caries disease process and its clinical stages, identification of early caries before there is evidence of surface cavitation through various new technologies and allowing remineralization of such lesion.

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Aim and Objective: The objective of this study was the arch and toothwise evaluation of attached gingiva width in primary, mixed, and permanent dentition. Materials and Methods: The study included 40 participants (22 males and 18 females) with 480 sites of an age range 4–25 years. Participants were divided into three groups – the primary dentition (4–6 years) mixed dentition (7–13 years) and adult dentition (16–25 years). The width of the attached gingiva was measured on the midfacial aspect of anterior teeth using calibrated University of North Carolina 15 periodontal probe. Results: Attached gingiva width (AGW) was measured archwise and toothwise in different dentition and overall data wise without differentiating archwise and toothwise. Gingival width increased with age and significantly higher in maxillary permanent dentition (3.4 ± 0.36). In maxilla, permanent central incisor (3.3 ± 0.3) and canine (3.5 ± 0.5) showed significantly higher gingival width than lateral incisor (2.5 ± 0.6) whereas other dentition showed nonsignificant difference. In all the dentition, variations were approximately similar in central incisor and canine. Conclusion: There was a greater overall width of attached gingiva in the maxilla than in the mandible. The AGW increases with age. It is greater in permanent dentition than primary and mixed dentition.

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Sialolithiasis is the utmost common obstructive disorder affecting the salivary gland. The frequently involved gland is the submandibular gland, and the innumerable whys and wherefores have been cited in the literature hitherto. It consistently affects male paralleled to that of female and customarily the sialolith measures about 1 mm to <1 cm and seldom measures more than 1 cm. So far, cases as large as 7 cm have been reported. In this article, we had reported two cases of submandibular gland sialolithiasis with a brief review of the literature.

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Aim and Objectives: The aim of the study was to analyze glucose content of cyst fluid to assess the cellular metabolism. Objectives were to analyze glucose level in cyst aspirates of dentigerous, odontogenic keratocysts, radicular, and residual cysts to analyze pathophysiological differences. Materials and Methods: Cyst fluid aspirates obtained from radicular cysts (n = 5), dentigerous cysts (n = 6), odontogenic keratocysts (n = 2), and residual cyst (n = 1) were assessed for glucose levels using Trinder's method. Statistical analysis was done by calculating mean ± standard deviation (SD) values for glucose levels. Analysis of variance test was employed to obtain P value. Results: No significant correlation was obtained among the various cysts studied. Mean ± SD values suggested highest metabolic glucose metabolism in radicular and odontogenic keratocysts. Dentigerous cyst showed intermediate values while residual cysts had least glucose content due to its quiescent nature. Conclusion: Cellular activity is similar in all the studied cysts but their expansile properties can be attributed to multiple other factors such as albumin, immunoglobulins, and keratin

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Treacher Collins syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that affects one in 50,000 live births with no gender predilection. It occurs due to defect in the development of structures derived from the first and second branchial arches, grooves, and pouches. Mutation of the TCOF1, POLR1C, and POLR1D genes that code for “Treacle” protein causes an abnormal apoptosis of neural crest cells that leads to the development of the classic features. A typical “bird-face” appearance is seen due to hypoplasia of the malar region, zygoma, and mandible. An abnormally large mouth gives a “fish-mouth” appearance. Other features such as antimongoloid slant of the palpebral fissures, coloboma of lower eyelids, and tongue-shaped hair process at the preauricular region help to confirm the diagnosis. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment helps to lessen the physical and psychological burden associated with the syndrome and helps in utilizing the normal skeletal growth pattern to achieve an optimal quality of life for the affected individual.

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Avulsion of permanent teeth constitutes a dental emergency and accounts for 1%–16% of all traumatic dental injuries. It occurs frequently among 7–14 years age group, whereas maxillary central incisors are the most commonly effected. Esthetics and occlusion function can be restored with replantation of an avulsed tooth. The purpose of this article is to describe a management of an 11-year-old male child with avulsed permanent maxillary central incisor which was replanted subsequently 48 h after root surface treatment with triple antibiotic paste. Follow-up visits showed signs of “replacement resorption.”

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Langerhans cells (LCs), first described by Paul Langerhans, a German physician in 1868, are dendritic cells predominantly observed in the suprabasal layers of the epidermis and the oral epithelium. These cells belong to the nonkeratinocytic population and lack desmosomal attachments to surrounding cells; thereby appearing as clear cells in histologic sections. Ultrastructurally, the cells are characterized by unique rodshaped Birbeck granules. These cells are endowed with the essential functions of foreign antigen recognition, trapping, and processing. Herein, we have concisely discussed regarding the origin, distribution, and techniques of demonstration of LCs.

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Eradication of head and neck carcinoma with surgical resection usually leave behind the patient with a large tissue defect and to rehabilitate such patients to optimum function and esthetics is a challenging task for the maxillofacial prosthodontist. The patients undergoing partial or total maxillary resections have difficulty in mastication, swallowing, speech, and social interaction. This article presents a case report of a hemimaxillectomy patient treated with a two-piece hollow acrylic bulb obturator. This case report presents a modified impression technique with a specially designed sectional tray as the patient had reduced mouth opening. The prosthesis improves the hypernasality, mastication, and speech of the patient.

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Introduction: Over the years, incidence of dental diseases has significantly decreased in most developed countries because they have adopted a healthy lifestyle with established effective oral preventive health programs but in most developing countries, the reverse is the case. Materials and Methods: This was a crosssectional study conducted between February and May 2017. One hundred and ten adults seen in the General Outpatient Clinic of Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, were consecutively recruited, and a pretested questionnaire was administered by trained assistants. Results: There were 59 (53.6%) males and 51 (46.4%) females with maletofemale ratio of 1.2:1. Toothbrush with paste (46.4%) was the most common material for oral cleaning; and majority changed their toothbrush after 4–11 months. The frequency of oral cleaning was mostly twice per day (43.6%), and the duration was from 2 to 20 min with mean of 5.6 ± 3.4 min. Only 13.1% use dental floss, and 35 (31.8%) of the respondents use mouthwash. Majority of the respondents across the educational qualification subgroups spent 4 min or more in oral cleaning; however, this observation was not statistically significant (Chisquare [χ²] = 4.773, df = 3, P = 0.202); similarly tooth picking for food debris was common among all the subgroups though this was not statistically significant (Fisher's exact test = 5.844, P = 0.089). Wooden toothpick was commonly used across all educational subgroups; whereas use of dental filaments were observed among those with tertiary qualification (χ² = 27.215, df = 7, P = 0.000). Conclusion: Oral hygiene practices poor in our patients, the use of dental filaments for teeth picking was unacceptably low.

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Cleft lip (CL) is commonly classified as complete or incomplete. In incomplete CL, there is a minimal distortion of orofacial region. Most of the times, it is treated with incisions which are used for complete CL. Here, we reported the use of Pfeifer incision for treatment of incomplete CL. The logic behind using this incision was that it does not involve noncleft tissue of lip in incomplete CL. Two patients were treated using this technique. Postoperatively following parameters were assessed: white roll match, vermilion match, and lip length postoperative scar and cupids bow form to determine the success of the technique. All the patients were successfully treated.

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Neurofibroma (NF) is a benign peripheral nerve sheath tumor, arising from the mixture of Schwann cells and perineural fibroblasts. Diffuse NF (DNF) is an uncommon but distinct histological variant of NF. It typically involves skin and subcutaneous tissues, occurring primarily in children and young adults. DNF is seen either as a sporadic (solitary) lesion or as part of neurofibromatosis, usually type 1-NF1 (von Recklinghausen's disease of skin). Involvement of oral cavity is rare with isolated reports in the literature. Clinically, it appears as pedunculated or sessile nodular mass, exhibiting slow growth and mostly without pain. Histologically it differs from the conventional NF in that it has a very uniform matrix of fine-fibrillary collagen. Sheets or cords of neoplastic Schwann cells in the matrix are less elongated and has short fusiform or round contour. A characteristic feature is the presence of clusters of laminated Wagner–Meissner-like bodies, scattered throughout tumor mass, which distinguishes DNF from NF. A case of solitary DNF of buccal mucosa in a 23-year-old female patient is presented.

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