Objectives: The aim of this prospective cohort study was to investigate the incidence of periodontal diseases among different reasons of tooth extraction and its relation to age, gender, and site. Materials and Methods: This study included 450 healthy participants who aged between 18 and 80 years and underwent tooth extraction. Results: A total of 230 teeth were extracted due to periodontal diseases; the average number of extracted teeth due to periodontal disease increased with age and it was more in males than females; and posterior mandible is the most common site of extraction. Conclusion: Periodontal diseases were the most common causes of tooth extraction.

Background and Objectives: The objective of this study is to assess the association of collagen 1 alpha 2 (COL1A2) gene polymorphism in participants with dental fluorosis and periodontitis. Subjects and Methods: Atotal of 50 age- and sex-matched participants, thirty participants with dental fluorosis with or without periodontitis and 20 nonfluorosis participants with or without periodontitis, participated in this study to find the association of COL1A2 gene polymorphism, dental fluorosis, and periodontitis. Clinical parameters including plaque index, gingival bleeding index, modified gingival index, community periodontal index, and clinical attachment loss were recorded. The PvuII polymorphisms in the COL1A2 gene were genotyped using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and real-time PCR. Urinary fluoride level estimation was done with fluoride ion selective electrode. Results: DNA was genotyped at the PvuII RFLP (in exon 25) marker inside the COL1A2 gene. For the PvuII RFLP, a 584-base pair (bp) DNA fragment was produced. In the gel picture after restriction digestion, only one band of 584 bp was seen in all the 50 samples. This indicates that this gene polymorphism is rare in Indian population as compared to Chinese population. Results for clinical parameters were explained using mean, standard deviation, and unpaired t-test. In addition, fluoride levels in urine were found to be significantly lower in nonfluorosis (0.48 mg/L) controls compared to cases with dental fluorosis (1.17 mg/L). Interpretation and Conclusion: This preliminary study provides no evidence of association between polymorphisms in the COL1A2 gene with dental fluorosis in high-fluoride-exposed populations. Further studies with large sample size are needed to confirm the association and the findings of this preliminary study.

Background: Chewing of sticks was a method of cleaning teeth in ancient India and is still followed by many people in the rural parts. People of different religions also hold high value for these plants that are of high medicinal value and have antimicrobial effects. Objectives: We previously in a study tried to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of plant extracts from neem, miswak, liquorice, babul, pine, and black cumin against Lactobacillus acidophilus and Streptococcus mutans and have seen few positive results. In this study, we aim to use these extracts to determine if they show antifungal efficacy. Materials and Methods: Chewing sticks of neem, babul, miswak, liquorice, and the leaves of pine and seeds of black cumin were collected from plants sources and sun-dried after which they were ground into coarse powder. Sterile aqueous solutions of 5%, 10%, and 20% were prepared. Aqueous extraction and cold infusion were two methodologies we used. The filtrate was inoculated onto Sabouraud dextrose agar plate with chloramphenicol containing Candida and incubated at 37°C for 48 h. Results: Pine and black cumin showed good antifungal efficacy, on increasing the concentration the extracts of miswak and liquorice also showed a better antifungal efficacy. The combination of these plant extracts had better efficacy than individual extracts of babul and pine. The extracts obtained from cold infusion method almost showed equal antifungal efficacy in comparison to the standard chlorhexidine used. Conclusion: These plants extracts previously having showed antibacterial efficacy and good antifungal effects can be considered for preparations of commercial antiplaque agents.

Industrial rebellion made brisk tramp to provide scope in employment worldwide, and inflate standard of living. In attributable of frenzied and taxing schedule of industrial employees, adaptation of abhorrent habits such as smoking, chewing, and drinking are amplified. This exposure deteriorates general as well as oral health of natives working in industries. Aim and Objectives: This study has been conducted for periodontal stipulation inference of industrial recruits of Bhopal city, India. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 448 industrial employees, to assess their periodontal status. Modified WHO-2013 oral health pro forma was used to appraise periodontal condition and related treatment necessities of industrial employees. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 20, and Chi-square and analysis of variance test were used for statistical analysis. Results: The prevalence of gingival bleeding was found to be 61.2%, and periodontal disease prevalence was 48.2%. Out of 182 industrial employees, 40.6% had no loss of attachment (LOA). Most of the participants, 166 (37.1%), had 4–5 mm LOA. The 6–8 mm LOA was present in 92 (20.5%) and 9–11 mm LOA was present only in 8 (1.8%) participants. Conclusion: This study conveys an implication of periodontal state and related treatment requirement of industrial recruits. It showed that periodontal health of industrial employees was below the ground of expectations. Therefore, it entails focusing on these peril groups and emphasis on those factors which contribute in pitiable periodontal health.

Aim: The purpose of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practices of dental practitioners registered in Indian Dental Association (IDA) Vadodara, Gujarat regarding clinical photography. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 193 dental practitioners registered in IDA Vadodara, Gujarat regarding clinical photography was conducted. The participant's information sheet was given to all participants, and a written informed consent was also taken from the participants. The questionnaire consisted of 16 questions which were divided into 3 sections that gave information regarding the knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding clinical photography. The descriptive statistical analysis was used for the study. Results: A total of 172 respondents completed the questionnaire forms. Under knowledge section, 64% dentists knew that digital single lens reflex (DSLR) was the best camera for taking clinical photographs. Under attitude section, (93% of practitioners were ready to invest <50,000 on digital equipment's whereas only 7% were ready to invest >50,000). Very few practitioners (5%) had attended more than 5 Continuous Dental Education (CDE) programs on digital dental practice. Under practice section, 53% of practitioners used a mobile phone only for taking clinical photography although they had knowledge that DSLR was the best tool for taking photographs. Conclusion: Dental practitioner's had good knowledge, fair attitude, and comparatively poor practice. Thus, more hands-on courses, workshops, and trainings for clinical photography should be encouraged for dental practitioners.

Introduction: Styloid process (SP) is a bony projection present anteromedial to stylomastoid foramen, projecting downward from the inferior surface of the temporal bone. The normal length ofSP ranges between 20 and 25 mm, elongated styloid process is also known as Eagle's syndrome, a rare condition that may irritates or disrupts adjacent anatomical structures. Objectives: To report a case of dry skull with elongated styloid process and to discuss possible risk of compression of neurovascular structures associated with it. Materials and Methods: Fifty three adult Human Dry Skull were measured for the following parameters using Digital Vernier Caliper in the Department of Anatomy, SRM Dental College, Chennai1. Length of SP2. Distance between the two Styloid processes at the base3. Distance between the two Styloid processes at the tip4. Thickness at the base of SP5. Distance between the SP and stylomastoid foramen. Results: Out of 53 adult dry skulls studied, one skull identified for bilateral elongated styloid process. The length of the right SP is 3.13 cm and of left is 3.17 cm. Thickness at the base of right SP was 5.6 cm, and the left was 4.7 cm. Distance between the two SPs at the base was measured as 6.93 cm whereas distance between the two SPs at the tip was found to be 5.64 cm. The distance between the SP and stylomastoid foramen on the right was 1 cm and on the left side was 1.2 cm. Conclusion: Although symptoms of Elongated styloid process (EPS) are well known in the literature, it is rarely on the forefront of the clinician's mind. Awareness of EPS and knowledge of the anatomy associated with it may help clinicians to differentiate from other Neurological conditions.

Introduction: Dermatoglyphics has proved to be a helpful adjunct in identifying specific syndromes of genetic origin. The significant etiological role of genetics and plaque in dental caries provides us the scope to explore the correlation between dermatoglyphics, dental caries, and dental plaque. Aims: This study aims to explore the association between dermatoglyphics, dental caries, and oral hygiene status. Materials and Methods: A total of 168 students were included in the study. The participants were examined and assessed for decayed-missing-filled eeth (DMFT) and plaque index score. The bilateral thumb impression was recorded and categorized based on type of pattern. Results: Statistical significant association was seen between the dermatoglyphics and dental caries experience (P < 0.05). Loop pattern was associated with high DMFT score. Individuals with arch pattern were found to be caries free. Association of dermatoglyphics with plaque index scores did not reveal statistical significant esults. Conclusion: Dermatoglyphics serves as a diagnostic tool in predicting dental caries at an early age and hence preventive treatment strategies can be planned.

Aloe vera is gaining popularity for its many health benefits. Healing is a complex procedure mainly occurs by subsiding inflammation which can be done by immunomodulatory properties of gel polysaccharides, especially acetylated mannans from A. vera. It helps in improving conditions such as diabetes mellitus, arthritis, and appearance of the skin, but apart from these, it has a tremendous role in dentistry and is beneficial in many oral conditions. Due to its antibacterial qualities, it is effective in gingivitis, periodontitis, and stomatitis. Direct application of A. vera gel on herpetic lesions, aphthous ulcer has improved the condition. Apart from this, acemannan also increases alkaline phosphatase activity and also help in bone healing. Due to its action on Enterococcus faecalis it can be used as an intracanal medicament. It can also be used in several oral lesions such as oral submucous fibrosis and oral lichen planus. Anticancer drugs have numerous side effects so natural product such as A. vera is very useful in this condition.

Radicular cysts are the most common inflammatory cysts and arise from the epithelial residues in the periodontal ligament as a result of periapical periodontitis following death and necrosis of the pulp. Cysts arising in this way are found most commonly at the apices of the involved teeth, but may also be found on the lateral aspects of the roots in relation to lateral accessory root canals. Many radicular cysts are symptomless and are discovered when periapical radiographs are taken of teeth with nonvital pulps. The classic description of the radiological appearance of radicular cysts is that they are round or ovoid radiolucencies surrounded by a narrow radiopaque margin which extends from the lamina dura of the involved tooth. This case report presents a rare case of bilateral radicular cysts of the mandibular posterior region.

Chemical burn of the oral mucosa occurring as a result of a noxious agent placed in direct contact with the mucosa either by the patient or a dentist is frequently associated with gingival erosion. The objective of this study was to report a case of chemical oral burn with erosive gingival lesion due to self medication with nonsteroid anti inflammatory drug topically in patient with acute apical abscess. We report a case of 63-year-old male public servant with health insurance that presented to the periodontology clinic with chemical oral burns and erosive gingival lesion due to topical application of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug for relief of toothache from apical abscess of lower left central incisor (tooth 31). The patient was advised to discontinue topical application of Anacin. Full-mouth scaling was done, oral hygiene instructions given, warm saline mouthrinse therapy prescribed, and patient referredb to the conservative clinic where root canal treatment. Increased public awareness is required regarding chemical injuries that can result from topical self-medication. Dentists must recognize the local effects of topically applied aspirin as well as other medications on the oral mucosa and incorporate them into the treatment plan to prevent complications.

Supernumerary tooth is a developmental anomaly seen in the oral cavity and has been attributed to arise from multiple etiologies. A mesiodens is a supernumerary tooth seen in the midline of the maxillary dental arch. It can cause an ectopic or delayed eruption of the maxillary central incisors, alter the occlusion, compromise esthetics and may also lead to the formation of dentigerous cysts. It mainly arises in three different anatomical forms, i.e., conical, tuberculate, or supplemental mesiodens. It may arise unilaterally or bilaterally, or as singular or multiple supernumerary teeth. This paper reports a rare case of bilateral mesiodentes of conical and tuberculate types in the mixed dentition period while emphasizing on early radiographic diagnosis and management.

Capillary hemangiomas are considered one of the rare benign oral tumors. Hemangioma of oral cavity is rare; accordingly, the present study aims to report a rare case of hemangioma that it is clinical sign representing mucocele and irritation fibroma, but the histologic results obtained from excisional biopsy led to the diagnosis of capillary hemangioma happening in the lower lip, in which the benign endothelial cell neoplasms are typically absent at birth but have a drastic development in childhood years with a natural involution in the later years of human life. In contrast to other human vascular malformations, related clinical reports have rarely mentioned its occurrence in the lower lip.