Background: Periodontal diseases are characterized by chronic inflammatory destruction of periodontal connective tissues and extensive alveolar bone destruction as a result of complex interactions between periodontal pathogens and host defense mechanism. Systemic disease such as diabetes mellitus further aggravated the inflammatory condition. Creactive protein (CRP) elevation is a part of the acute phase response to inflammation. CRP, a proinflammatory mediator level has shown to be elevated in patients with chronic periodontitis. Hence, this study was carried out to compare the level of salivary and serum CRP levels in chronic periodontitis with or without typeII diabetes mellitus. Materials and Methods: A total of 60 patients were selected and divided into three groups: 20 periodontally healthy patients, 20 patients with periodontitis, and 20 periodontitis patients associated with diabetes mellitus. The saliva and serum sample were collected from all patients and estimation of CRP level was done using AVITEX^® TURBO CRP kit, and latex particle quantitative turbid metric method was employed. Results: The result showed that salivary and serum CRP level was highest in diabetes mellitus with periodontitis patients as compared to chronic periodontitis and healthy patients. Conclusion: We can conclude that CRP is a potential proinflammatory biomarker in patients with chronic periodontitis and diabetes mellitus.

Introduction: Poor oral hygiene results in dental caries and this has been associated with cardiovascular morbidities. Therefore achieving a good oral hygiene will significantly improve the quality of health. Materials and Methods: This was a crosssectional study; it was carried out between October and December 2016. Non-dental nurses in the hospital were consecutively recruited, and a pretested selfadministered questionnaire was administered. Results: There were 36 (37.1%) males, 61 (62.9%) females with male to female ratio of 1:1.7. Sixtysix percent of the respondents used toothbrush and paste for oral cleansing. However, majority of them changed their brush on 2–3 monthly basis; similarly, 56 (57.7%) of the respondents brushed at least twice in a day. Fortysix (47.4%) of the respondents used mouth wash while 51 (52.6%) did not; and among the nonusers, the majority (47.1%) believed mouth wash was ineffective. Thirtyeight (39.2%) of the respondents did brush for <4 min while 59 (60.8%) brushed for at least 4 min. Nine (14.3%) respondents used dental filament. Fifty (51.5%) of the respondents used mouthwash while 47 (48.5%) did not use mouthwash; however, among 46 respondents who did not use mouth wash, 24 (52.2%) believe that mouth wash are ineffective, 12 (26.1%) did not like mouthwash, 7 (15.2%) were unaware of mouth wash, 2 (4.3%) reported cost as a deterrent; whereas 1 (2.2%) said mouth wash was not available in their vicinity. Conclusion: Commendable oral hygiene practices were observed among the respondents; however, there is knowledge gap which requires improvement such as the use of dental floss.

Introduction: One of the main reasons for the oral diseases among the children of rural population in a country like India is the inadequate knowledge of the care givers. Attitude towards the oral health and practical approaches about the various oral hygiene measures should be checked and guided by the health providers. Anganwadi workers are the grass root workers who interact with the children and their mothers of their respective work areas with equal importance. So guiding them is indirectly guiding these populations. Aim and Objective: The aim of this paper is to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of the Anganwadi workers about the child's oral health and also to evaluate effectiveness of the awareness programs in guiding these early care providers. Material and Methods: The study was conducted among the Anganwadi workers of the Ponnani Block Panchayat situated in Edappal ,Malappuram District, Kerala. A total of 15 questions were prepared in regional language (Malayalam) and were given before and after the awareness class session. Awareness class session was conducted using the audio visual aids including PowerPoint presentation and videos. The awareness classes included the topics of child oral health facts and various practical approaches. Statistical Analysis: A paired t-test was conducted and the results were analyzed using the SPSS version 20. Results: The total value before the session was changed from 7.91±2.15 to the after session value of 12.28±1.67 (P value <0.001) indicating a statistically significant shift after the awareness class. Discussion: The comparison of separate sessions of knowledge, attitude and practice is evaluated using the boxplot evaluation and the effectiveness of the awareness class was plotted using the Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) Curve. Conclusion: The study revealed the need of incorporation of more awareness programs among the early care givers regarding a child oral health to improve their knowledge and to incorporate a positive attitude and guide them to practically prevent various oral diseases.

Introduction: Depression is a mental disorder that is pervasive and affects people all around the world. In India, about one in five people is affected by depressive disorders. An autonomic nervous system affected by depressive disorder can affect the salivary composition since salivary secretion is controlled by the sympathetic and parasympathetic innervations. Alteration in the salivary composition can affect oral health and makes them vulnerable to oral infection. Aim: The aim is to study the sialochemical alteration in depressive individuals. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 patients were divided into two groups: Group I (normal individuals) and Group II (patients with depressive disorder). Depression level was assessed with Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Whole unstimulated saliva was collected and subjected to sialochemical analysis (sodium, potassium, chloride, total protein, urea, salivary amylase, calcium, and pH). Result and Conclusion: The parameters were statistically analyzed using parametric ttest and showing statistically significant raised levels in salivary amylase, total protein, sodium, chloride, and calcium, and there was no statistical difference in salivary pH, urea, and potassium levels.

Dental plaque is a biofilm which is the prime etiological factor in the causation of oral diseases such as dental caries and periodontal disease. The various hypothesis has been developed explaining the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. Although a classical model to support this polymicrobial disease is yet to be proposed, all the stated hypothesis gives us a better idea in understanding the pathophysiology of the periodontal disease process.

Although complete dentures cannot be considered as a substitute for, natural teeth, they have been and remain, the staple treatment for edentulous patients. Most of them appear to have benefited from complete denture treatment and report satisfactory oral and masticatory function with their use. Not every case of edentulism, either complete or partial, can be treated with conventional methods of denture fabrication. There is a need for slight modification in impression procedure or designing of the prosthesis to achieve best results in case of compromised conditions. This article intends to highlight clinically relevant modifications of complete denture prosthesis that can be kept in mind, when such cases may be encountered in daily practice.

Genetics plays a very important role in normal craniofacial development, abnormal dental anomalies, and different dental diseases such as dental caries, periodontitis, and dental malocclusion. Even it has a great role in different oral cancers also. Very little importance given in genetic screening and diagnosis of dental diseases. This article attempts to gather insight about different dental diseases and their genetic basis, the need for genetic screening and testing to avoid future problems.

Osteomas are benign osteogenic tumors that are often slow growing and frequently arising in the craniofacial bones and rarely originating from the mandible. Central, peripheral, and extraskeletal are the three varieties of osteomas of which the central and the peripheral types are commonly seen in the facial bones. Peripheral osteomas most commonly were seen in the frontal, ethmoidal, and maxillary sinus and very rarely seen in the jaws. Typically asymptomatic in nature, osteoma presents itself as a welldefined radiopaque mass. Herein, we report a rare case of peripheral osteoma of the body of the mandible of a 45-year-old female patient.

Cutaneous sinus tract of odontogenic origin is the most common among the various types of sinus tracts which are formed on the face and neck. Cutaneous sinus tracts may develop from local chronic osteomyelitis. Although the causative factor is generally periapical infection of odontontogenic origin, they are rarely of periodontal origin. This paper describes a case of the mandibular extraoral sinus of periodontal origin in 13yearold boy, in whom the condition arose following periodontal infection in relation to permanent mandibular left second molar with probing pocket depth 10 mm distobuccally. The source of infection was associated with developing the third molar which had no visible communication with the oral cavity. The case was managed by removal of the source of infection with periodontal treatment.

Fused teeth and talon cusp are developmental anomalies with inherently bizarre anatomy. These anomalies may develop during tooth bud morphodifferentiation as a result of a developmental aberration of both the ectoderm and mesoderm. Concurrent occurrence of different developmental anomalies is rarely seen and reported in the literature. This article describes one such encounter of bilateral fusion of permanent mandibular central and lateral incisors, along with the presence of talon's cusp on the fused teeth, and reviews the associated clinical problems and available treatments options.