Aim: This study evaluated shear bond strength between three all-ceramic systems to dentin using six different adhesives, of which three of them contain nanofillers. Materials and Methods: Ceramic discs were prepared from each of Ceramco, IPS Empress 2 and Copran Zr. Different dentin surfaces were prepared with adhesives. Adper Single Bond Plus, Nano-bond, Prime & Bond NT (PB), Excite Bond, One Step Plus, Opti Bond Solo Plus were applied to the conditioned dentin surfaces. Ceramic discs were luted to the dentin with resin cement. All specimens were kept in water at 37°C for 1-week and thermal cycled for 500 cycles in 5°C and 55°C. Shearing test was conducted, and statistical analyses were performed using nonparametric tests (α = 0.05). Fractured surfaces of each specimen were inspected with Scanning Electron Microscope. Furthermore, distribution of nanofillers into the nanofilled adhesives was examined by transmission electron microscope. Results: Significant differences were observed in bond strength values of the adhesives (P < 0.05). For each ceramic, PB showed the highest bond strength values. Failure mode was cohesive in nanofilled adhesives resin and mixed failure for the others. Nanofillers were aggregated in some areas for each nanofilled adhesive. Ceramco showed the highest bond strength values while Copran Zr showed the lowest. Conclusion: Nanofilled adhesive systems would suggest for good clinical performance together with all-ceramics system. Furthermore, felspathic ceramics is better than the other all-ceramics systems.

Aims: Assessing remineralization and bond strengths of remineralizing agents with or without LASERS. Settings and Design: In vitro pilot study. Materials and Methods: Artificial caries-like lesion was created with 10% citric acid in 50 non carious extracted posterior teeth which were divided into six groups according to treatment: GC Tooth Mousse and Toothmin cream with or without LASER, positive and negative control. Remineralization was done for 5 min every day for 7 days. Microhardness test was repeated. Pulsed Nd:YAG Laser (1.064 çm wavelength) was used with a focused beam at 1W and 15 Hz for 10 s on exposed dentin surface. Samples were etched with etching gel for 15 s and rinsed with water for 30 s. Bonding composite restoration of 4 mm height was done with Mylar Strip. Tensile bond strength was calculated. Statistical Analysis: Student's paired t-test evaluated difference between mean values of microhardness. Student's unpaired t-test evaluated the difference between mean values of bond strengths between groups. Results: Significant difference in microhardness in HV (50 g load) was seen in all groups (P < 0.05 for all). LASER Toothmin groups showed the highest increase (311.17%) in microhardness in HV (50 g load) as compared to other groups (GC-255.11%, LASER GC-255.42%, Toothmin 250.34%). Shear bond strength of the LASER-treated Toothmin was significantly higher compared to other groups (P = 0.0021). Conclusions: Toothmin and GC Mousse with or without LASER were found to be effective in increasing mineralization. Bond strength of Toothmin with LASER treatment was higher compared to others.

Context: Regeneration of periodontium is one of the main goals of periodontal treatment. This may be achieved by differentiation of stem cells to periodontal tissue cells. Aims: This study sought to assess the differentiation of human periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) cultured in osteogenic medium supplemented with Emdogain or Simvastatin. Settings and Design: This is an experimental study. Materials and Methods: After teeth extraction, the PDL attached to the middle third of the root surface was removed. Cells were expanded in culture medium and used for osteogenic differentiation and added to the test materials (different combinations of the basic medium, dexamethasone [DEX], Simvastatin and Emdogain). Osteogenic differentiation was evaluated using Alizarin Red staining (ARS), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and calcium content tests. Statistical Analysis Used: Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 17 software. Deliberation was done with 6 × 3 factorial (six groups × three periods). Then, the data were submitted to ANOVA, and the differences between the groups were compared using Tukey post-hoc test. Results: Quantitative analysis of ARS demonstrated that the frequency of mineralized nodule formation was the highest in the enamel matrix protein derivatives (EMD) + DEX group. The highest ALP activity on day 7 was in DEX + Simvastatin group. Calcium content was the lowest in the control group and the highest in EMD + DEX group at all tested time points. Conclusions: This study showed that 100 μg/ml Emdogain had a significant effect on osteogenic differentiation of human PDLSCs to osteoblasts and 10⁻⁸ M Simvastatin had an effect comparable to that of DEX.

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-fungal activity of Aloe vera extract on Candida albicans. Materials and Methods: Extract from A. vera fruit was tested for anti-fungal activity via in vitro study at various concentrations using the disc diffusion method. Results: A. vera extract at 1000 μg/ml concentration effectively inhibited the growth of C. albicans (14 mm) compared with the positive control-amphotericin B (15 mm). It was found to be a dose-dependent reaction. Conclusion: A. vera displayed good anti-fungal effect on C. albicans and the inhibitory effect varied with concentration.

Background: Odontogenic cysts are distinct entities and a quite common occurrence in the jaw bones. These are individual lesions which arise from the same odontogenic apparatus but with varying pathogenesis. Various molecules have been implicated to play a role in the pathogenesis of these lesions ranging from cell cycle perturbations to mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Materials and Methods: The role of cytokeratin (CK) 10 and 14, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), tenascin and Ki-67 was studied in 5 cases of dentigerous cysts, 3 cases of odontogenic keratocysts (OKCs) (keratocystic odontogenic tumor), 3 cases of radicular cyst, 2 cases of orthokeratinized odontogenic cyst (OOC), and 2 cases of calcifying odontogenic cyst. Results: The study revealed that CK10 was significantly higher in OOC, CK14 expressed mild to intense positivity in all the odontogenic cysts. EGFR showed significant expression in OKC and tenascin expression was significantly higher in OKC. Conclusion: The study has observed the behavioral differences in the most commonly occurring odontogenic cysts. Further molecular characterization would help in better understanding.

Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) has been considered an enigmatic condition because the intensity of pain rarely corresponds to the clinical signs of the disease. Various local, systemic and psychological factors are associated with BMS, but its etiology is not fully understood. Also, there is no consensus on the diagnosis and classification of BMS. A substantial volume of research has been focused on BMS during the last two decades. Progress has been made, but the condition remains a fascinating, yet poorly understood area, in the field of oral medicine. Recently, there has been a resurgence of interest in this disorder with the discovery that the pain of BMS may be neuropathic in origin and originate both centrally and peripherally. The aim of this paper is to explore the condition of BMS with the specific outcome of increasing awareness of the condition.

Radiation therapy (RT) is an important part of treatment for cancer patients. Stereotactic radiosurgery is a type of RT that uses narrow beams of radiation coming from different angles to very precisely deliver radiation to a tumor while sparing the surrounding normal tissue. Traditional radiosurgery systems have limited mobility. They generally require the use of rigid frames attached to a patient's skull to effectively target a tumor. CyberKnife^® (Accuracy, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA, USA) is a revolutionary radiosurgical device that uses a combination of robotics and sophisticated image-guidance technology. CyberKnife^® is noninvasive alternative to surgery where high dose radiation beams can be given from any angle by precisely concentrating on the tumor while causing minimum damage to the nearby healthy tissue. The purpose of this article is to review the CyberKnife^® robotic radiosurgery as an ideal option for treatment when there would be instances where a tumor cannot be operated completely due to locality of the tumor close to critical structures or tumor may only be partially excised.

Menopause, the cessation of menses, is a normal physiologic event experienced by women. It is not an illness or a deficiency. After a woman's reproductive years, there is a 5- to 10-year period of menopause-related alterations in hormone patterns. These patterns terminate in a sharp decline of female hormone levels. The lack of ovarian estrogens appears to be associated with the onset of several postmenopausal diseases, most notably osteoporosis and heart disease. Oral discomfort has been reported as a complaint among postmenopausal women. It includes occurrences of pain, burning sensations, altered taste perception and dryness of the mouth. On this background this paper presents a review on the postmenopausal discomfort in women.

Variation of root canal anatomy is always a challenge for accurate diagnosis and subsequent successful endodontic therapy. A thorough knowledge of most common anatomic characteristics and their possible variations is essential for the clinician. The hard tissue repository of the human dental pulp takes on numerous configurations and shapes. These aberrations occur so often that they can be considered as normal anatomy. Radix paramolaris is one such aberration where an extra root is present on the mesiobuccal aspect of mandibular first molar. This article reports a case of successful endodontic management of a three rooted mandibular first molar with chronic irreversible pulpitis and emphasizes on the modifications in access and canal preparation, problems encountered during treatment, common iatrogenic errors during the endodontic intervention and factors, which affect the prognosis.

Tuberculous lymphadenitis occurring in the cervical region is the most common cause of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). Isolated form of tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis is rare and is described in patients without evidence of previous or ongoing TB anywhere in the body. This type yields inconsistent physical and laboratory findings, and final diagnosis requires biopsy. In this article, we report a case of tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis in a 24-year-old female patient with no evidence of TB elsewhere and diagnosis was based on histopathology.

The overdenture is a removable prosthesis that is supported by both selectively retained teeth and the residual ridge or mucosa. It is a versatile and successful means of achieving long-term restoration of a partially edentulous jaw. Insertion and removal of the denture and routine oral hygiene are easy to perform. The beneficial results of this form of treatment can be considered for a wide variety of clinical applications for the severely advanced periodontitis case. This paper presents a case report on the prosthetic rehabilitation of a partially edentulous patient with a telescopic overdenture for the mandible and conventional complete denture for the maxilla.

The harmful effects of radiation and chemotherapy are well-documented, and lots of research has been carried out to minimize the hazardous effects. By which, we have moved ahead in this regard and now able to deliver the treatment with minimal morbidities. However, the follow-up of patients during the postradiation/chemotherapy is usually dependent on general practitioners in most developing countries. The knowledge and awareness of these health issues among the medical and dental general practitioners are deficient. We present here, one of our patients who encountered a multitude of oral problems secondary to radio-chemotherapy along with a brief discussion.

The branch of prosthodontics is not only science, but also an art of handling patients who present with limitations in continuing with normal impression procedures. One such limitation is the difficulty in mouth opening. It may be due to fracture, trauma, oral submucous fibrosis, temporomandibular joint ankylosis, etc. This case report describes the innovative technique of primary impression, sectional custom tray, sectional denture base and "customized hinge" for hinge denture.