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| CASE REPORT |
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| Year : 2013 | Volume
: 4
| Issue : 4 | Page : 167-172 |
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Two phase treatment of Class III malocclusion
Roopa Siddegowda1, Kanhu Charan Sahoo2, Sunny Jain3
1 Department of Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopedics, Vokkaligara Sangha Dental College & Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
2 Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Dental Sciences, SOA University, Bhubaneshwar, Odisha, India
3 Consultant Orthodontist, Just Smile Dental Care, Santacruz. Mumbai, Maharastra, India
| Date of Web Publication | 22-Jan-2014 |
Correspondence Address:
Roopa Siddegowda
Santhrupthi Nilaya, #415, 7th Cross, Mahadeshwara Extension, Mysore - 570 016, Karnataka
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/0976-433X.125598
The developing skeletal Class III malocclusion is one of the most challenging problems confronting the practicing orthodontists. True Class III malocclusion is rare when compared with Class II and Class I and may develop in children as a result of inherent growth abnormality. Treatment should be carried out as early as possible with the aim to prevent it from becoming severe. The case was treated with biphasic therapy, i.e., orthopedic appliance followed by fixed orthodontic treatment. Facemask helps resolving the skeletal discrepancy. Keywords: Class III malocclusion, Delaire facemask, skeletal correction, two phase treatment
How to cite this article:
Siddegowda R, Sahoo KC, Jain S. Two phase treatment of Class III malocclusion. SRM J Res Dent Sci 2013;4:167-72 |
| Introduction | |  |
Class III malocclusion are growth related problems that often become severe if left untreated, so it should be corrected as soon as we recognize its initial signs like edge to edge bite or cross bite. [1] Developing true Class III malocclusion tendencies in children may have an underlying skeletal or dental component. Pseudo Class III malocclusion is a habitual established cross-bite of anterior teeth without any skeletal discrepancy, resulting from functional forward positioning/shift of mandible on closure, so both should be differentiated before the start of any treatment procedure. [2] When left untreated Pseudo Class III may lead to the development of true Class III malocclusion. The goal of early orthodontic treatment is to correct the existing or developing skeletal, dentoalveolar and muscular imbalance and to improve the oral environment. [3]
In Asian societies, the frequency of Class III malocclusion is higher due to a large percentage of patients with maxillary deficiency. The incidence ranges between 4% and 5% among the Japanese and 4% and 14% among the Chinese. [4],[5] The protraction facemask has been widely used in the treatment of Class III malocclusion with maxillary deficiencies. [6],[7],[8] Mandibular growth can be controlled with chin-cup therapy, by altering the skeletal framework of growing Class III patients. Studies on the short-term and long-term effects of chin-cup force indicated that the skeletal framework is greatly improved during the initial stages of chin-cup therapy. [9],[10],[11],[12],[13],[14] Delaire's [15] face mask consisted of a forehead pad and a chin pad that were connected with a heavy steel rod. Intra-orally, a bonded rapid palatal expansion appliance was used. Forward traction of the maxilla was accomplished by rubber bands. The treatment results produced by this appliance were the anterior movement of the maxilla and downward and backward rotation of the mandible. Rapid palatal expansion appliance was used to relieve the posterior cross-bite as reported in the studies. [16],[17],[18] These extra-oral devices generate therapeutic forces at the teeth, which are transmitted to the periodontal ligament, bone and ultimately to its articulations. These forces correct skeletal disharmonies either by inhibiting or by redirecting the growth of jaws or by inducing biologic alterations at facial sutures and cartilaginous areas. In conjunction to this, maxillary expansion loosens the sutures and thereby enhances the treatment effect. [19] This technique is still followed [20],[21],[22] even though it was introduced long back.
Clinical findings
A 13-year-old female patient reported with a chief complaint of forwardly placed lower jaw. On extra-oral examination, patient exhibited a concave facial profile with slight deficiency in the maxillary projection as shown in [Figure 1] and [Figure 2]. On intra-oral examination as shown in [Figure 3],[Figure 4],[Figure 5],[Figure 6] and [Figure 7], angles Class III molar relation and Class III canine relationship were present. Incisal edge to edge relationship with bilateral posterior cross-bite was observed. 31 were mesiolingually rotated, 13.23 were buccally placed and 12.22 palatally placed.
Diagnosis
Angle's Class III malocclusion on a skeletal Class III jaw base with vertical growth pattern, crowding in upper andlower anterior teeth with bilateral posterior cross-bite.
| Treatment Objectives | | |
- To correct the saggital discrepancy of maxilla and mandible.
- To relieve crowding in upper and lower anterior segments.
- To align upper and lower anteriors.
- To achieve proper overjet and overbite.
- To correct posterior cross bite.
- To correct molar and canine relationships.
- To attain esthetic pleasing profile.
Treatment plan
Biphasic therapy-rapid maxillary expansion to expand maxilla with fixed orthodontic treatment.
Treatment procedure
- Maxillary acrylic splint with a hyrax expansion screw was fixed with glass ionomer cement. Face mask was adjusted and the patient was trained for wearing the face mask and for hyrax screw activation as shown in [Figure 8]. 2 turns of hyrax screw activation was advised per day. Diagonal elastics were to be engaged from the stainless steel (SS) hooks distal to canine to the face mask attachment.
- After the completion of expansion, hyrax screw was locked with acrylic [Figure 9].
- After the retention phase of 3 months, fixed appliance therapy was started [Figure 10],[Figure 11] and [Figure 12].
- Extraction of 14, 24, 34, 44 was done followed by banding and bonding of the teeth.
- 0.0155" multi-stranded wire in the upper arch and 0.014" heat activated nickel titanium wire in the lower arch was placed and followed by 0.014" niti wire in both the arches for relieving the crowding. A quad helix was prefabricated in order to maintain the expansion achieved in the upper arch [Figure 13],[Figure 14] and [Figure 15].
- 0.018" nickel titanium wire was placed in the upper arch and 0.016" nickel titanium in the lower arch.
- Extraction spaces were utilized for crowding relieving.
- Upper 0.017 × 0.025 niti wire and 0.016 × 0.022 niti wire in the lower arch with reverse curve of spee were replaced.
- Once the curve of spee was corrected, 0.017 × 0.025 SS was placed in both upper and lower arches.
- The case was finished using the finishing wires [Figure 16],[Figure 17],[Figure 18],[Figure 19] and [Figure 20].
 | Figure 8: Delaire face mask with chin cup and imtraoral elastics attached
Click here to view |
Post treatment changes
A satisfactory correction was been achieved. Facial appearance was improved as a result of dental changes with improved profile and lip competency. Orthopaedic facemask is the appliance of choice in cases with maxillary deficiency and produces dramatic results in the shortest period of time. This appliance system affects virtually all areas contributing to Class III malocclusion so this treatment protocol can be applied effectively to most of developing Class III patients regardless of the specific cause of malocclusion. Pre-treatment, End of phase 1 and Post -treatment Cephalometric changes are presented in [Table 1]. It acts by carrying forward movement of maxilla and restricting mandibular growth. The earlier the case presents to the clinics and is diagnosed, the simpler and faster is the treatment. | Table 1: Comparison of Cephalometric values of pre treatment, end of phase I and post treatment values
Click here to view |
| Conclusion | | |
Class III malocclusion should be intercepted early, aiming to redirect growth, mainly when the maxilla is the primary etiologic factor, or when dental and/or functional factors are involved. The diagnosis, treatment planning, and prognosis depend on several characteristics, which should be carefully analyzed by the orthodontist, such as: patient age, growth potential, and pattern. The earlier the intervention, the greater the chances of positive response, regarding transversal maxillary advancement. An adequate use of appliances, with correct application of intensity and direction, in addition to patient compliance are key elements for good outcomes.
| References | | |
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[Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3], [Figure 4], [Figure 5], [Figure 6], [Figure 7], [Figure 8], [Figure 9], [Figure 10], [Figure 11], [Figure 12], [Figure 13], [Figure 14], [Figure 15], [Figure 16], [Figure 17], [Figure 18], [Figure 19], [Figure 20]
[Table 1]
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